JavaTM 2 SDK, Standard Edition, version 1.4 Summary of New Features and Enhancements

Contents

The new features of version 1.4 of the Java 2 SDK, Standard Edition are listed below. The full list of features, including features brought forward from previous versions of the SDK, is available at Guide to Features.

Java 2 Platform

• XML Processing
• New I/O API
• Security
• Java 2D^TM technology
• Image I/O Framework
• Java Print Service
• AWT
• Swing
• Drag and Drop
• Logging API
• Java^TM Web Start Product
• Long-term Persistence of JavaBeans^TM Components
• JDBC^TM 3.0 API
• Assertion Facility
• Preferences API
• Chained Exception Facility
• Java Virtual Machines
• Performance
• Networking Support, Including IPv6
• RMI
• Serialization
• Java Naming and Directory Interface^TM (JNDI)
• CORBA, Java IDL, and RMI-IIOP
• Java^TM Platform Debugger Architecture
• Internationalization
• Java^TM Plug-in Product
• Collections Framework
• Accessibility
• Regular Expressions
• Math
• Reflection
• Java Native Interface

Tools

• Tools and Utilities

Java 2 Platform

• XML Processing

  The Java^TM API for XML processing has been added to the Java 2 Platform. It provides basic support for processing XML documents through a standardized set of Java Platform APIs.

• New I/O APIs
  

  The new I/O (NIO) APIs provide new features and improved performance in the areas of buffer management, character-set support, regular-expression matching, file I/O, and scalable network I/O.

• Security
  • The Java^TM Cryptography Extension (JCE), Java^TM Secure Socket Extension (JSSE), and Java^TM Authentication and Authorization Service (JAAS) security features have now been integrated into the Java^TM 2 SDK, Standard Edition (J2SDK), v 1.4 rather than being optional packages.
  • There are two new security features:
    • The Java^TM GSS-API can be used for securely exchanging messages between communicating applications using the Kerberos V5 mechanism.
    • The Java^TM Certification Path API includes new classes and methods in the java.security.cert package that allow you to build and validate certification paths (also known as "certificate chains").
  • Due to import control restrictions, the JCE jurisdiction policy files shipped with the J2SDK, v 1.4 allow "strong" but limited cryptography to be used. An "unlimited" version of these files indicating no restrictions on cryptographic strengths is available.
  • The JSSE implementation provided in this release includes strong cipher suites. However, due to U.S. export control restrictions, it does not allow the default SSLSocketFactory and SSLServerSocketFactory to be replaced. For more information, please see the JSSE Reference Guide.
  • With the integration of JAAS into the J2SDK, the java.security.Policy API handles Principal-based queries, and the default policy implementation supports Principal-based grant entries. Thus, access control can now be based not just on what code is running, but also on who is running it.
  • Support for dynamic policies has been added. In J2SDK releases prior to version 1.4, classes were statically bound with permissions by querying security policy during class loading. The lifetime of this binding was scoped by the lifetime of the class loader. In version 1.4 this binding is now deferred until needed by a security check. The lifetime of the binding is now scoped by the lifetime of the security policy.

• Java 2D^TM Technology

  Java 2D includes many new features including: performance improvements, support for hardware acceleration for offscreen images, a pluggable image I/O framework, a new print service API, and several new font features.

• Image I/O Framework

  The Java Image I/O Framework provides a pluggable architecture for working with images stored in files and accessed across the network. It offers substantially more flexibility and power than the current APIs for loading and saving images.

• Java Print Service API

  The Java^TM Print Service is a new Java Print API that enables client and server applications to:

  • Discover and select print services based on their capabilities
  • Specify the format of print data
  • Submit print jobs to services that support the document type to be printed.

• AWT

  Changes to the AWT package center on improving the robustness, behavior, and performance of programs that present a graphical user interface. A new focus architecture replaces the previous implementation and addresses many focus-related bugs caused by platform inconsistencies, and incompatibilities between AWT and Swing components. The new full-screen exclusive mode API supports high performance graphics by suspending the windowing system so that drawing can be done directly to the screen; a benefit to applications like games, or other rendering-intensive applications. Headless support is now enabled by new graphics environment methods that indicate whether a display, keyboard, and mouse can be supported in a graphics environment. The ability to disable native frame decorations is now available for applications which need to take full control of specifying how a frame will look; when enabled this prevents the rendering of a native titlebar, system menu, border, or other native operating system dependent screen components. The oft-requested mouse wheel, with a scroll wheel in place of the middle mouse button, is enabled with new built-in Java support for scrolling via the mouse wheel. Also, a new mouse wheel listener class allows customization of mouse wheel behavior. The AWT package has been modified to be fully 64-bit compliant and now runs on Solaris machines with 64-bit and 32-bit addresses.

• Swing

  Many new features have been added to Swing. The new spinner component is a single line input field that allows the user to select a number or a value by cycling through a sequence of values using a tiny pair of up/down arrow buttons. The new formatted text field component allows formatting of dates, numbers, and strings, such as a text field that accepts only decimal money values. The Windows look and feel implementation is updated to track features available in the 2000/98 versions. A new drag and drop architecture provides seamless drag and drop support between components as well as an easy way to implement drag and drop in your customized Swing components - writing a couple of methods which describe the particulars of your data model is all that is required. Swing's progress bar component has been enhanced to support an indeterminate state; rather than showing the degree of completeness, the indeterminate progress bar uses constant animation to show that a time-consuming operation is occurring. Due to great customer demand, the tabbed pane component has been enhanced to support scrollable tabs. With this feature enabled, if all the tabs will not fit within a single tab run, the tabbed pane component will display a single, scrollable run of tabs, instead of wrapping the tabs onto multiple runs. The popup and popup factory classes, which were previously package private, have been exposed and made public so that programmers may customize or create their own popups. The new focus architecture is fully integrated into Swing.

• Drag and Drop

  Swing has added support for data transfer between applications. A drag and drop operation is a data transfer request that has been specified by a gesture with a graphical pointing device. In the case of copy/paste, data transfer is often initiated with the keyboard. The ability to transfer data takes two forms: Drag and drop (DnD) support and clipboard transfer via cut/copy/paste. See Swing Data Transfer.

• Logging API

  The Java Logging APIs facilitate software servicing and maintenance at customer sites by producing log reports suitable for analysis by end users, system administrators, field service engineers, and software development teams. The Logging APIs capture information such as security failures, configuration errors, performance bottlenecks, and/or bugs in the application or platform.

• Java^TM Web Start Product

  The Java Web Start product is a new application-deployment technology that is bundled with J2SE 1.4.0. With Java Web Start, you launch applications simply by clicking on a Web page link. If the application is not present on your computer, Java Web Start automatically downloads all necessary files. It then caches the files on your computer so the application is always ready to be relaunched anytime you want -- either from an icon on your desktop or from the browser link. And no matter which method you use to launch the application, the most current version of the application is always presented to you.

• Long-term Persistence of JavaBeans Components

  The new persistence model is designed to handle the process of converting a graph of beans to and from a persistent form. The new API is suitable for creating archives of graphs of JavaBeans components as textual representations of their properties.

• JDBC 3.0 API

  The JDBC 3.0 API, comprised of packages java.sql and javax.sql, provides universal data access from the Java programming language. Using the JDBC 3.0 API, you can access virtualy any data source, from relational databases to spreadsheets and flat files. JDBC technology also provides a common base on which tools and alternative interfaces can be built.

  New features include the ability to set savepoints in a transaction, to keep result sets open after a transaction is committed, to reuse prepared statements, to get metadata about the parameters to a prepared statement, to retrieve keys that are automatically generated, and to have multiple result sets open at one time. There are two new JDBC data types, BOOLEAN and DATALINK, with the DATALINK type making it possible to manage data outside of a data source. This release also establishes the relationship between the JDBC Service Provider Interface and the Connector architechture.

• Assertion Facility

  An assertion facility has been added to the Java 2 Platform. Assertions are boolean expressions that the programmer believes to be true concerning the state of a computer program. For example, after sorting a list, the programmer might assert that the list is in ascending order. Evaluating assertions at runtime to confirm their validity is one of the most powerful tools for improving code quality, as it quickly uncovers the programmer's misconceptions concerning a program's behavior.

• Preferences API

  This new feature is a simple API for managing user preference and configuration data. Applications require preference and configuration data to adapt to different users, environments and needs. Applications need a way to store, retrieve, and modify this data. This need is met by the Preferences API. The Preferences API is intended to replace most common uses of class java.util.Properties, rectifying many of its deficiencies, while retaining its light weight.

• Chained Exception Facility

  This new facility provides a common API to record the fact that one exception caused another, to access causative exceptions, and to acess the entire "causal chain" as part of the standard stack backtrace, ensuring that preexisting programs will provide this information with no additional effort on the part of their authors.

• Java Virtual Machines

  The Java virtual machines in this release include several enhancements.

  • Signal-chaining facility.
  • 64-bit support on Solaris^TM-SPARC^TM platform edition.
  • Error-handling mechanism.
  • Concurrent garbage collector.
  • New facility for logging garbage-collection events.

  The Classic virtual machine is no longer shipped as part of the Java 2 SDK.

• Performance

  This release includes performance enhancements in many areas of the platform. See Performance Enhancements for a description of some of them.

• Networking Support, Including IPv6

  New features include support for IPv6 in TCP- and UDP-based applications, and support for unconnected/unbound sockets, allowing more flexible socket creation, binding, and connection. A mechanism called Java Secure Socket Extension provides encryption for data sent via sockets, and a new class, URI, allows URI construction and parsing without the presence of a protocol handler. The FTP Protocol Handler has been overhauled for conformity to current standards. The default character set is now UTF8, and APIs have been added to enable other character schemes.

  A new class, NetworkInterface, allows enumeration of interfaces and addresses, and JNDI DNS SP Support in InetAddress enables applications to configure a pure Java name service provider. TCP out-of-band data provides support for legacy applications; a UDP Connection function registers destination address with the OS, enabling asynchronous errors to be returned on the UDP socket; and full SOCkS V5 and V4 TCP support includes auto-negotiation with the proxy for which version to use. In addition, there are improvements to streaming, request and response headers processing, and error handling.

• RMI

  Certain static methods of java.rmi.server.RMIClassLoader now delegate their behavior to an instance of a new service provider interface, java.rmi.server.RMIClassLoaderSpi. This service provider object can be configured to augment RMI's dynamic class loading behavior for a given application. By default, the service provider implements the standard behavior of all of the static methods in RMIClassLoader. See the class documentation of RMIClassLoader and RMIClassLoaderSpi for more details.

• Serialization

  This release has several changes and enhancements to the serialization API, including

  • Support for deserialization of objects that are known to be unshared in the data-serialization stream.
  • Support for a class-defined readObjectNoData method.
  • Important bug fixes.

• Java Naming and Directory Interface^TM (JNDI)
  • An Internet Domain Naming System (DNS) service provider is part of the Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition, v1.4. This component enables applications to read data stored in the DNS.
  • The JNDI Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) service provider has security enhancements that enable applications to establish secure sessions over existing LDAP connections and to use different authentication protocols.
  • The JNDI CORBA Object Services (COS) naming service provider supports the Interoperable Naming Service (INS) specification (99-12-03).

  See JNDI Enhancements for details.

• CORBA, Java IDL, and RMI-IIOP

  The Java 2 Platform now includes a Portable Object Adapter (POA) Object Request Broker (ORB). An ORB makes it possible for CORBA objects to communicate with each other by connecting objects making requests (clients) with objects servicing requests (servers). A POA ORB allows programmers to construct object implementations that are portable between different ORB products, provide support for objects with persistent identities, and much more. To learn more about the changes in Java IDL between J2SE v.1.3 and J2SE v.1.4, link to Java(tm) IDL: Changes between J2SE 1.3 and 1.4.

• Java^TM Platform Debugger Architecture

  Full Speed Debugging Support
  The Java HotSpot[TM] virtual machine now uses "full-speed debugging". In the previous version of HotSpot, when debugging was enabled, the program executed using only the interpreter. Now, the full performance advantage of HotSpot Technology is available to programs running with debugging enabled. The improved performance allows long running programs to be more easily debugged. It also allows testing to proceed at full speed and the launch of a debugger to occur on an exception.

  HotSwap
  This feature has been added to allow a class to be updated while under the control of a debugger.

  Instance Filters
  EventRequests now have the capability of specifying an instance filter, which restricts the events generated by the request to those in which the currently executing instance is the object specified.

  Support For Debugging Other Languages
  The Java Platform Debugger Architecture has been extended so that non-Java programming language source, which is translated to Java programming language source, can be debugged in the future.

  VMDeathRequests
  A request can now be made to control target VM termination notification, allowing clean shutdown synchronization

• Internationalization

  Unicode 3.0 Support
  Character handling in J2SE 1.4 is based on version 3.0 of the Unicode standard. This affects the Character and String classes in the java.lang package as well as the collation and bidirectional text analysis functionality in the java.text package.

  Support for Thai and Hindi
  Thai and Hindi are now supported in all areas of functionality. See the Supported Locales document for complete information on supported locales and writing systems.

• Java^TM Plug-in Product

  Java Plug-in 1.4 offers the following new features: multi-version support so that multiple versions of the JRE may be deployed in the same environment and Java Plug-in can select the version it wants; support of HTTPS through Java Secure Socket Extension (JSSE) rather than the browser; enhanced applet caching so that other files, such as GIF, JPEG, XML, etc., can be cached in addition to JAR and class files; applet persistence so that applets may persist across browser sessions; and, on Microsoft Windows platforms, support for launching applets on Java Plug-in with the <APPLET> tag.

  Version 1.4 also provides access to the DOM via standard, w3c-defined interfaces; assertion and logging support; applet usability enhancements including a progress bar for applet loading; and improved JAR compression for faster downloads.

• Collections Framework

  The collections framework has several enhancements in J2SDK1.4, including a marker interface to advertise random access, an identity-based (rather than equality-based) Map, insertion-order-preserving Map and Set implementations, and several new algorithms for manipulating and returning values from lists. See Collections Framework Enhancements for details.

• Accessibility

  New features include support for:

  • Mnemonic tab navigation on a JTabbedPane
  • Text editing by assistive technologies
  • Accessibility of HTML components
  • Accessibility of Swing Actions
  • List navigation using the first letter of list items

• Regular Expressions

  New package java.util.regex contains classes for matching character sequences against patterns specified by regular expressions.

• Math

  A new, efficient method for generating prime numbers with no need for the caller to specify a certainty has been added to class java.math.BigInteger.

• Reflection

  Certain reflective operations, specifically java.lang.reflect.Field, java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(), java.lang.reflect.Constructor.newInstance(), and Class.newInstance(), have been rewritten for higher performance. Reflective invocations and instantiations are several times faster than in previous releases.

• Java Native Interface

  JNI has been enhanced in v 1.4 to reflect a new feature of the java.nio package: direct buffers. The contents of a direct buffer can, potentially, reside in native memory outside of the ordinary garbage-collected heap. Also, new Invocation Interface routine AttachCurrentTreadAsDaemon allows native code to attach a daemon thread to the virtual machine; this is useful when the VM should not wait for this thread to exit upon shutdown. See JNI Enhancements for more on these enhancements.

Tools and Utilities

See Tool Changes for details on the changes summarized here.

• The java application launcher supports command-line options for support of the new Assertions Facility. On the Solaris^TM Operating Environment (SPARC^TM Platform Edition) new command-line options are available for specifying 64-bit or 32-bit operation. On all platforms, new option -Xloggc:file logs each garbage-collection event in the specified file.

• The javadoc tool has several new tags, a dozen new options, smarter inheriting of doc comments, more control over HTML output, improvements to the Doclet API, better error messages, dozens of bug fixes, and is easier to run. For more details, see What's New in Javadoc 1.4. Downloaded separately from the SDK, the MIF doclet has had a major upgrade -- it generates API documentation in FrameMaker and PDF format.

• The native2ascii tool contains bug fixes to now correctly process source files encoded with Unicode encoding, such as the default encoding on WinNT.

• The idlj tool now generates server-side bindings following the Portable Servant Inheritance Model. This change involves new default behavior, and new command-line options that e nable you to continue to generate backwards-compatible server-side bindings. To learn more about the Portable Servant Inheritance Model, follow the link.

• The orbd tool, or Object Request Broker Daemon, replaces the Transient Naming Service, tnameserv. ORBD includes both a Transient Naming Service and a Persistent Naming Service. The orbd tool is used to enable clients to transparently locate and invoke persistent objects on servers in the CORBA environment. The orbd tool incorporates the functionality of a Server Manager, an Interoperable Naming Service, and a Bootstrap Name Server. When used in conjunction with the servertool, the Server Manager locates, registers, and activates a server when a client wants to access the server.

• The servertool is new to this release. The servertool provides an ease-of-use interface for application programmers to register, unregister, startup, and shutdown a server.

• The rmic compiler has a new option to enable Portable Object Adapter, or POA support for Remote Method Invocation. The POA enables portability among vendor ORBs, among other uses. To lea rn more about the POA, follow the link. To enable POA support with the rmic compiler, use the arguments rmic -iiop -poa.

• The graphical Policy Tool utility has been enhanced to enable specifying a Principal field indicating what user is to be granted specified access control permissions.

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